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抑郁障碍疾病机制
文献索取】【浏览论点助理
题目TitleMechanisms of Disease,Major Depressive Disorder

著者Authors】 R.H. Belmaker, M.D., 和Galila Agam, Ph.D.[以色列Ben Gurion 大学Beersheba 精神卫生中心]
来源Source】 新英格兰医学杂志 N Engl J Med 2008;358:55-68.

介绍】抑郁症是一种综合性错乱与充满变数的过程,没有既定的机制。这篇近日发表的综述对目前理解抑郁症生物学机制的的主要途径做了充分的阐述。在世界范围内受到了极大的关注。

结论】It would be appealing to attempt to categorize de-pression in terms of monoamine-depletion forms that are perhaps related to genes coding for en-zymes involved in neurotransmission and cortisol-related forms that are characterized by a more long-term course, hippocampal atrophy, and a his-tory of psychosocial stress. However, the clinical data do not fall into such neat categories, since monoamine-based antidepressants are most effec-tive in patients with severe depression when cor-tisol levels remain high after the administration of dexamethasone.Major depressive disorder is likely to have a number of causes. Middle-aged or elderly patients presenting with depression may have a disorder related to cardiovascular disease and originating from endothelial dysfunction.128 Patients in their late teens or early 20s who have severe depression may have important genetic risk factors and a high risk of manic episodes.8 In patients with an anx-ious and depressive personality, depression may be due to genetically determined personality fac-tors11 or adverse childhood experiences.129 Avoidance of premature closure on any one scientific theory of the mechanism of depression will best serve the search for new, more effective treatments. It is likely that the pathogenesis of acute depression is different from that of recurrent or chronic depression, which is characterized by long-term declines in function and cognition. Mood can be elevated (by stimulants,46 by brain stimulation,123 or by ketamine94) or depressed (by monoamine depletion19 in recovered patients) for short periods, but longer-term improvement may require reduction of the abnormal glucocorticoid function induced by stress or increases in brain neurotrophic factors.

2. 抑郁症发病机制的其他生物学理论。

理论

支持依据

否定依据

谷氨酸能神经传递系统改变

前额叶皮质的谷氨酸和谷氨酰水平减低91
静脉注射克他命(一种NMDA拮抗剂)可以诱导快速、持续的抗抑郁效应94
皮层的谷氨酸转运体信使RNA水平和将谷氨酸转化为谷氨酰的催化酶水平降低96

枕叶皮质的谷氨酸水平升高92,93
克他命与处于高亲合力状态的D2多巴胺受体相结合95
不清楚抗抑郁药对脑中的AMPA受体是否有影响97

GABA能神经递质传递减少

血浆、脑脊液、前额叶背外侧和枕叶皮层的GABA水平降低91-93
调节GABA系统的药物对抑郁症动物模型有治疗作用 98
抗抑郁药影响GABA能神经递质的功能98
前额叶皮层的GABA神经元免疫反应减少100

脑内超过30%的突触间隙中有GABA,说明该递质系统没有特异性
在抑郁症的MRS中,前额叶皮质的GABA水平无差异99
GABA神经递质系统也许与抑郁症的焦虑症状相关

异常昼夜节律

睡眠剥夺和光疗有抗抑郁作用101,102
一些抑郁症患者有昼夜节律性的情绪异常、体温变化和神经内分泌功能变化104
在白天活跃的啮齿类动物到了日照时间短的时候就会出现抑郁105

时钟相关基因与抑郁症的关系目前说法不一103

神经甾体合成缺陷

抑郁症时,血浆和脑中的胆固醇水平低106
DHEA对抑郁症患者有抗抑郁作用108

在精神分裂症病例中的发现与此类似107
神经甾体主要影响记忆和睡眠

内源性阿片功能受损

δ-阿片受体激动剂对啮齿类动物有抗抑郁药样的效果,还可以上调脑中的BDNF水平109
在持续悲伤的情况下,皮质μ-阿片受体的结合能力下降111

尽管早期报告提示阿片类物质也许可以有效治疗抑郁症110,但是目前仍缺乏来自大样本、随机、对照研究的资料。

单胺-乙酰胆碱失衡

给人类应用毒扁豆碱(一种乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂)可以诱导出抑郁情绪112
烟碱乙酰胆碱受体拮抗剂可以加强抗抑郁药的作用114

美加明(一种烟碱乙酰胆碱受体拮抗剂)可减轻抑郁症状113
许多抗抑郁药不是抗胆碱能的

细胞因子介导的脑与免疫系统之间的交互作用

抑郁症在感染性疾病和自身免疫性疾病中很常见115
细胞因子可以诱导出抑郁症状,抑郁症患者的细胞因子分泌增加115
抗抑郁药有抗炎作用115
细胞因子可影响下丘脑垂体肾上腺轴和单胺系统115

多数研究与此相关116
细胞因子诱导的抑郁症状是一过性的,不是所有研究都能复制出这种效应117
P物质拮抗剂对抑郁症没有治疗作用

甲状腺素异常

抑郁症患者脑脊液中的transthyretin血液中三种甲状腺激素结合蛋白之一)水平降低118
甲状腺激素调节脑中的5-羟色胺能神经递质系统119
甲状腺功能低减成年大鼠经甲状腺素治疗后脑神经再生减退120
抑郁症患病期间,患者对三碘甲状腺氨酸的疗效反应率增加121

甲状腺素单药治疗无效
多数抑郁症患者没有甲状腺功能低减的表现

特异性脑结构或回路的功能异常

对前额叶皮层的经颅磁刺激122和对胼胝体前角的脑深部刺激可以影响情绪123
前额叶皮层124和膝下前额叶皮层125的葡萄糖利用减少
大鼠抑郁症模型发现了海马的回路动力学变化127

各个研究得到的相关脑区位置不同
通过血流、容量、葡萄糖利用和尸检等方法进行的研究结果不一致63,124,126

*AMPA=α-氨基-3-羟基-5-甲基-4-异唑丙酸,BDNF=脑源性神经营养因子,DHEA=脱氢表雄酮,GABA=γ-氨基丁酸,MRS=磁质共振光谱检查,NMDA=N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸。

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